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Chemical Reactions Chemical Reactions II

CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Continued part II

Contiunuando with the type of reactions that we are reviewing now propose the following mathematical model: A + BC ---------------------
- AC + B
This type of reaction is known as "simple substitution" is defined as one in which the atoms of a moving element in a compound the atoms of another element. It should be noted that the shift happens as long as the substituent atom (A), have greater activity than the substituted atom (B).
Examples:
Zn + 2HCl ↑ ----------------------- ZnCl2 + H2 Fe + H2S
------------ ------------ FeS + H2 ↑ ------------------------- 2HBr
Cl2 + 2HCl + Br 2 ↑
Finally, we describe another type of reaction is generally carried out in solution water, where ions are present and there is an exchange between them. This type of reaction is called "double replacement" and is presented by the following mathematical model:
A + B + C + D -------------------- ------- A + D + C + B
Examples:
HCl + NaOH NaCl + ---------------------------
H2O AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3 ----------------------
---------------- BaSO4 + NaHCO3 ------------------------ Ba (HCO3) + Na2SO4 conclude

that in accordance with the formation or breaking of the bonds of the substances involved in chemical reactions, they can be classified into four types:
1. Abstract: A + B AB
------------- 2. Analysis: ---------------- A + B AB Energy

3. Simple substitution: A + BC AC + B
--------------- 4. Double Replacement: AB + CD AD + CB
-----------------
To successfully complete the chemical reaction products must observe the following rules:
1. Enter the symbol of the elements involved.
2. Write the oxidation number of each item.
3. The element with oxidation number positive (metal) or cation, is always on the left.
4. The element with a negative oxidation number (no metal) or anion, is always on the right.
5. Exchange as subscripts the oxidation numbers of each element, ignoring the sign.
6. The algebraic sum of oxidation numbers of elements, multiplied by the subscripts must be equal to zero.
7. The oxidation number of hydrogen in its compounds is + 1, except in the case of metal hydrides is 1.
8. The oxidation number of oxygen in its compounds is 2, except in peroxides, which is 1.
9. All elements in pure or uncombined have the oxidation number zero.

Follando A Chicas De High School

I

chemical changes in matter occur when there is a transformation, both in composition and in its structure, these changes are carried out through chemical reactions.
In fact most of the items we buy or consume, require for their development of chemical processes, sufficient to investigate how they were made, the following items of daily use (cleaning, food, drinks, medicines, etc.) To verify that all they are the result of a series of chemical reactions. However, there are an infinite number of processes ocurren a nuestro alrededor (crecimiento de las plantas, animales y el ser humano, la oxidación de los metales, la combustión de la madera, etc.) y que por su cotidianidad, se ven como hechos comunes, sin meditar que son productos de procesos químicos muy complicados.
Es importante el conocimiento de las reacciones químicas para poder controlarlas, y hacer que las substancias se conviertan en otras que satisfagan nuestras necesidades, intentando siempre utilizarlas en beneficio del hombre, reduciendo y previniendo el deterioro de nuestro ambiente.
En la mayoría de las reacciones químicas, los átomos, moléculas o iones que constituyen a las substancias que reaccionan (reactivos), al hacerlo sufren un reordenamiento as a result of the breakdown and formation of new links between them, giving rise to new substances with different characteristics (products).
For example, when we burn sulfur (S), we observed that forms a gas, which is the sulfur dioxide (SO2). This chemical reaction takes place by breaking the covalent bonds of sulfur (S) and oxygen (O), and covalent bond formation between sulfur (S) and oxygen (O) at (SO2).
The above reaction can be expressed by symbols and formulas of the substances involved.
--------------- S + O2 SO2
HEAT
We conclude that a chemical equation is the representation Abbreviations and symbols of a chemical reaction also provides a means to show a chemical shift reagents and products, its atomic composition and molecular relationship where involved. Usually the chemical reactions used to describe the initial and final states of the process.

usually written on the left, ie the first member of symbols and formulas of the substances of the initial substances, reagents and reactants: NaCl + AgNO3
-------------- -------------------- NaNO3 + AgCl

reagents

To the right of the equation or second member, written symbols or formulas substances that form, or reaction products.
NaCl + NaNO3 + AgCl AgNO3
----------------------------------

products In order to represent more consistent with a reaction, it is necessary that the symbols and formulas of the participating species present all the physical and chemical properties. For example: (g) ₌ gas, (l) ₌ liquid (s) ₌ solid, (c) ₌ aqueous solution (E) Δ ₌ ₌ heat energy, (↑) ₌ evolved gas in the process, ( ↓) ₌ solid that precipitates, (→) ₌ irreversible reaction; (↔) ₌ reversible reaction. Example
;
2KClO3 (s) + heat ------------------- 2 KCl (S) + 3O2 (g) ↑
Na (s) + H2O --- ------------------- NaOH (aq) + ½ H2 (g) ↑

TYPES OF REACTIONS
can be observed that the formulas of the substances involved in the process are affected by a coefficient, which indicates the number of atoms or moles, which are involved in this process. Accordingly we can write a general equation as follows: mA + nB
xC + yD
------------------- Where m, n, x, y. . Are coefficients of each term
If we consider the general equation that and ₌ 0, then nuesra equation becomes: mA + nB --------------------

xC or even
A + B ------ ------------ AB

This type of reaction, in which two or more simple chemical species together to form a single product or more complex species, is called: synthesis reaction.
Example:
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) ---------------------------------- 2H2O (l )
H2 + Cl2 (g) ------------------------------- 2HCl (g)
SO3 (g) + H2O (l) ------------------------ H2SO3 (aq)
CaO (s) + H2O ------------ ---------- Ca (OH) 2 (c)
Considering that the coefficient "n" in equation cro general, then we get: -------------------------- mA
xC + yD
Another way of putting it is: --- AB
---------------------- A + B
This type of reaction is called analysis or decomposition, and is defined as one in which a species Chemistry is divided into two or more products through the application of external power source.
Examples: ------------------------
2H2O 2H2 + O2 ↑ ↑
2KClO3 ------------
Electricity ↑ 2KCl + 3O2 -----------------------------

CaCO3 ------------- Heat CaO + CO2 ↑ ----------------------

Thus we see that reaction Euna analysis is contrary to a synthesis reaction. Continued