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STRUCTURE ATOMIC

INTRODUCTION
This subject aims, to prepare students of Biotechnology career in the knowledge base for the study of chemistry, thereby unifying previous knowledge to start the academic preparation at the undergraduate level
chemistry as well as other science, involving concepts and definitions that make up a form oral and written communication means a chemical language which must be known.
The concepts of atoms, electrons, protons and neutrons, isotopes, molecules, ions, cations, anions, electrolytes and others are described in this unit, in order to be useful for the understanding of subsequent topics. ATOMS

It is known that the concept atom was established in the V century a. C., by the Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus, on the assumption that matter can be divided many times in succession until you reach the limit of a particle whose size makes it impossible to divide it even more, a particle that's called "atoms."
The word atom is of Greek origin that means . At present, the atom can be defined as: a.
"Fundamental unit of the elements that may participate in a chemical reaction." B.
"Minimum mass of an element which can operate in a chemical reaction."
The definition of "atom" not differ much from that expressed by Democritus and later established by John Dalton in 1808, who established the first theory of the atom under the following assumptions:
1. Every element is made of tiny particles called atoms.
2. The atoms of one element are equal in mass and size.
3. Atoms of different elements have different mass and size.
4. The atom can not be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
5. Atoms of different s elements combine to form compounds and do so in a simple numerical relationships and another atom.
6. Two or more atoms of different elements can be combined in different relationships to form more than one type of compound.
Dalton's atomic theory was well accepted in his time, however, the investigations carried out after that time has shown that:
1. Not all atoms of the same element have the same mass, as with isotopes.
2. The atom consists of subatomic particles (electrons, protons and neutrons).
3. Under certain conditions, an atom of an element can be converted to another atom of a different element, like radioactive elements.

Despite these failures, the theory Dalton atomic marked the beginning of studies of the atom and the subsequent development of chemistry.
Moreover, as a result of experimental evidence now known, that the atom consists of at least three fundamental particles: electrons

ü ü ü Neutron Proton

Atoms have a very small core containing Most of the mass of the atom and is composed of protons and neutrons. Electrons are found orbiting the nucleus. ELECTRON
.- It is a subatomic particle that has a negative charge, the absolute mass, calculated for the electron is raised to 9.109x10 -28 grams. Because the electron is the lowest charged particle, is also the unit of electric charge and its representation as the relative burden is "-". PROTON
.- It is a subatomic particle which is located in the atomic nucleus and possessing electric charge, equal in magnitude to the electron (1.602x10 coulombs to -9, but positive. The proton charge is the unit of positive electricity and representation as the relative burden is "+". The absolute mass of the proton is to 1.672x10 -24 grams and is 1836 times greater than the mass of the electron.
Neuton .- It is a subatomic particle which is located in the atomic nucleus and has no load is electrically neutral and its mass is similar to that of the proton.

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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER. INTRODUCTION

Men, by nature, have always had the need to find logical explanations for why things happen. This admiration philosophical wonder at the phenomena and inexplicable events, which raises the question about the causes, became permanent desire for the pursuit of truth, and is so far the reason that has brought humanity to Over time, the discovery of laws governing the phenomena of nature.
Today, indisputable, the extent to which science has changed the of human beings. We appreciate for example the different types of materials, products and processes used in industry in general to produce an infinite range of products, many of which are in daily use as medicines, foods, perfumes, soaps, detergents, plastics, textiles , lubricants, fertilizers, insecticides, among others, that give us satisfaction, welfare and therefore safer to humans.
This advancement in knowledge of how to carry out the chemical changes in matter, has made the man change his environment with new products which are mostly aimed at improving the quality of life. However, in many cases it has brought unexpected results, causing disturbance to the environment by excessive production of waste pollutants, both solid and liquid and gaseous, that these activities generate.
One of the challenges of chemistry as a science, is to optimize the procedures and techniques to obtain a higher quality finished products, trying to avoid as much damage to nature, it suffices to look at our beaches, rivers, ponds , fields, and what remains of the forests of our state to realize the continued deterioration caused these ecosystems.
These challenges, fortunately, are already being addressed by the scientific community in many countries as a result of extensive research, have begun to develop products whose packaging waste and biodegradable or recycled materials feasible. We know that certain plastics when exposed to sunlight, its polymers are fragmented and facilitate biodegradation, and packaged or processed products from raw materials feasible to recycle, such as cardboard, aluminum, glass, etc., And not previously occurred. Therefore, future biotechnologists to be formed in this institution, have the opportunity to participate with their knowledge and innovations technology in this crusade.
Therefore, the chemistry course, which will provide the necessary basis begin to see how it intervenes and science relates to all aspects of our lives and the environment in which we live. PURPOSE OF THE UNIT

The student identifies the characteristics and properties of matter to analyze the origin of atomic models and the principles of quantum theory and quantum numbers. Using these insights as a basis, it is expected that participants recognize the importance of this knowledge to analyze, understand and evaluate the fundamental principles of chemistry contributes to the study of matter and much of life.




LEARNING OBJECTIVES Identify the physical and chemical properties of matter, in relation to the clarification of the phenomena that occur in nature.
analyze the principles that gave birth to the atomic structure, the nature of sub-atomic particles and atomic models in order to know the properties of atoms and their applications in life.
know the principle of quantum theory and the application of quantum numbers in the formation of electronic configurations that give rise to the formation of compounds by chemical bonds.

STRATEGIES TEACHING - LEARNING
is proposed pedagogical approach student-centered, enabling independent learning techniques multidisciplinary study, in which the teacher assumes his involvement as manager and facilitator of the learning process with a clear definition for achieving the objectives of competition, organized activities that generate significant learning and by encouraging collaboration and collective thinking as a valuable resource in acquiring new skills and attitudes.
For its part, students will look at the group's ability to search, socialize, and enhance collaborative learning by:
• Contribution of ideas, opinions and relevant information.
• Exchange of information sources and experiences.
• Support group exceeded their abilities.
• Propose activities relevant to the performance of the units of the course.
• Analysis, discussion and reflection on basic reading .. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

For the development of the unit suggests the following activities:
1. Individual and team exposure to the topics of the unit basic principles of the structure of matter.
2. Basic reading, is the analysis of items notes or upgraded sites with relevant information on unit content.
3. Analysis and accommodation of new learning product of reflection and acquisition of new knowledge.
4. Mediated mentoring refers to a very flexible and effective resource such as e-mail, you can also use the online chat system known as chat and finally the phone is.
5. Readings, consisting of articles, notes, books or websites updated with information that serves as a complement to those interested in exploring more about the issues and topics reviewed.
6. Collaborative team activities, with the aim of promoting interaction and communication between participants in a team engaged in activities which help learning to socialize.


DEVELOPMENT ISSUES ITEM 1. The physical and chemical properties of matter.
To identify the properties of matter and its relationship to physical and chemical phenomena that occur in nature.
ACTIVITIES: Activity
1.1 (individual). Read the document "History of Chemistry" same found on the page.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_la_qu% C3% ADmica

Activity 1.2 (group). Analyze the previous reading based on the following questions and answer the following questions:
1. Why culture is considered the cradle of Egyptian and Mesopotamian cultures?
2. Draw a diagram of the constitution of matter, according to Empedocles.
3. What was the contribution of Democritus and Leucippus on the nature of matter?
4. The Middle Ages is considered a dark age in science, why?
5. How did the study of organic chemistry?
This information must be delivered in writing, at a time agreed by the teacher and be part of the assessment unit.
ITEM 2. The atomic structure and nature of sub-atomic particles.
OBJECTIVE: Recognize the principles that gave birth to the atomic structure, the nature of sub-atomic particles and atomic models.
ACTIVITIES: Activity
2.1 (individual). Parses the document, "The atomic structure, in which is located on the blog page, http://aprendequimica2009.blogspot.com this document will help the structure of atoms, subatomic particles, and models atomic.
Activity 2.2 (plenary). Comment using the peer group technique, quartets and octets, the discovery of particles sub-atomic.
ITEM 3. Quantum theory, quantum numbers and electron configurations.
OBJECTIVE. Knowing the principle of quantum theory, the application of quantum numbers and the formation of electronic configurations.

Activity 2.3 (group). The teacher explained to the group, the principle of quantum theory and quantum numbers.
Activity 2.4 (individual). Prepare drawings, posters, or models that represent the structure of the atom, its atomic models and electron configurations of elements and compounds.